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Janus Cornarius
Janus Cornarius (''ca.'' 1500 – March 16, 1558) was a Saxon humanist〔Carmélia Opsomer and Robert Halleux, "Marcellus ou le mythe empirique," in ''Les écoles médicales à Rome. Actes du 2ème Colloque international sur les textes médicaux latins antiques, Lausanne, septembre 1986'', edited by Philippe Mudry and Jackie Pigeaud (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1991), p. 160.〕 and friend of Erasmus.〔John E.B. Mayor, "Helmreich’s ''Marcelli de medicamentis liber''," ''Classical Review'' 4 (1890) 218–219.〕 A gifted philologist,〔Richard J. Durling, "Girolamo Mercuriale’s ''De modo studendi''," ''Osiris'' 6 (1990) p. 182.〕 Cornarius specialized in editing and translating Greek and Latin medical writers with "prodigious industry,"〔P.S. Allen, ''Opus Epistolarum Des. Erasmi Roterodami'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), vol. 8 (1529–1530), p. 250.〕 taking a particular interest in botanical pharmacology and the effects of environment on illness and the body. Early in his career, Cornarius also worked with Greek poetry, and later in his life Greek philosophy; he was, in the words of Friedrich August Wolf, "a great lover of the Greeks."〔"Grosse Liebhaber der Griechen," p. 137 in ''Kleine Schriften in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache'' (Halle 1869), vol. 1.〕 Patristic texts of the 4th century were another of his interests. Some of his own writing is extant, including a book on the causes of plague and a collection of lectures for medical students.〔Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas B. Deutscher, ''Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation'' (University of Toronto Press, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 339–340.〕
==Life and career==
Details of the life of Cornarius are taken in large part from the Latin biography by Melchior Adam in ''Vitae Germanorum medicorum'' ("Lives of German Physicians," 1620).〔Melchior Adam, ''Vitae Germanorum medicorum'' (Heidelberg 1620); (life of Cornarius ) excerpted (in Latin).〕 Cornarius was born Johann or Johannes Hainpol,〔Also named as Haynpol, Heynpul, Hagepol, Hagenbut, and Hagebutte; discussion of name with Thomas Gloning (in Italian and French) at ("Cornarius Janus — Haynpol Johann" ).〕 the son of a shoemaker, but adopted his fashionably Latinized name by the time he reached age 20.〔Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas B. Deutscher, ''Contemporaries of Erasmus'' (University of Toronto Press, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 339.〕 The toponymic ''Zuiccaulensis'' ("of Zwickau") is sometimes added. His name may appear as Giovanni Cornario in Italian,〔Fortunato Federici, ''Degli scrittori greci e delle italiane versioni delle loro opere'' (Padua 1828), p. 104.〕 Jano Cornario in Spanish,〔Otis H. Green and Irving A. Leonard, "On the Mexican Booktrade in 1600: A Chapter in Cultural History," ''Hispanic Review'' 9 (1941), p. 36.〕 Jean Cornario in French,〔Maximillian Niedermann, ''Marcelli De Medicamentis Liber'', "Corpus Medicorum Latinorun" vol. 5 (Leipzig 1916), ''praefatio'' p. xiv, of the handwritten note on the manuscript of Marcellus used by Cornarius.〕 and Janus Kornar in German.〔Friedrich August Wolf, ''Kleine Schriften in lateinischer und deutscher Sprache'' (Halle 1869), vol. 1, p. 137.〕
Cornarius began his education at the Latin school in his native Zwickau. He studied with Petrus Mosellanus at Leipzig, matriculating in 1517 and earning a bachelor of arts degree in 1518.〔 He enrolled at the University of Wittenberg in 1519, where he earned a master's degree (1521) and a license in medicine (1523).〔Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas B. Deutscher, ''Contemporaries of Erasmus'' (University of Toronto Press, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 340.〕 He thus would have been at Wittenberg when the Zwickau Prophets, an anti-authoritarian Anabaptist movement from his place of birth, attempted to seize power in 1521. They were successfully opposed and rendered ineffective by Martin Luther in 1522. That Cornarius condemned the Anabaptists is clear from his later book on plague, in which he argued that a particular epidemic in Westphalia was sent as punishment from God for their heretical activities.〔Vivian Nutton, "The Reception of Fracastoro’s Theory of Contagion: The Seed That Fell among Thorns?" ''Osiris'' (1990) p. 214.〕
After experiencing these political and spiritual upheavals, Cornarius set out on a "soul-searching journey" around Europe,〔Sachiko Kusukawa, "Leonhart Fuchs on the Importance of Pictures," ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 58 (1997) p. 424, drawing on Otto Clemen, "Janus Cornarius," ''Neues Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte'' 33 (1912) 40–45.〕 visiting Livonia, Sweden, Denmark, England, and France. While he was looking for work, he settled for a time in Basel, where he gave lectures on Greek medicine at the University of Basel. There he began his efforts to restore the study of the Greeks, whose works, he believed, had been neglected during the Middle Ages in favor of Arab medical authorities. In 1527–28, he was a physician to Prince Henry of Mecklenburg.〔 Returning to Zwickau in 1530, he established a medical practice and married the first of his two wives; she died not long after. With his second wife, he had four sons. For the remainder of his life he was a physician and professor of medicine as well as a prolific editor and translator.〔Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas B. Deutscher, ''Contemporaries of Erasmus'' (University of Toronto Press, 2003), vol. 1, pp. 339–340.〕
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